Why federated learning pops up? Research on artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have led to disruptive innovations in lots of fields within decades. The value of AI applications and real-world data is unquestionable nowadays. However, one real and difficult challenge lies in how people dealing

A classic definition of big data Since the 1990s, the term “Big Data” has been mentioned by people and then developed rapidly within decades. Big data has often being cited as a source for better understanding politics, economy, society… etc. People might image that big data refers to a super